Dolma Tsering

Refugees in Countries without Refugee Laws: Exiled Tibetans in India, Nepal, and Taiwan （難民在沒有難民法的國家）

Email: ruthokdzhong66@gmail.com

According to the definition by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR): “Refugees are persons who are outside their country of origin for reasons of feared persecution, conflict, generalized violence, or other circumstances that have seriously disturbed public order and, as a result, require international protection.” Based on the UNHCR report, the number of refugees rose to 82.4 million in 2020, and the war between Russia and Ukraine increased even more to set records. It has demonstrated that refugees are not a transient issue but a global reality that cannot be ignored. How do refugees survive? Different from the existing discourses, such as treating refugees as social problems or discussing the life situation of political philosophy, this study adopts the survival strategy orientation of refugees as human beings, especially in countries without refugee laws. This study will focus on exiled Tibetans in India, Nepal, and Taiwan. How do they negotiate with structural constraints to make a living in these receiving counties? These are the questions to be explored.

根據聯合國難民總署(United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, UNHCR)《一九五一年關於難民地位的公約》第一條的定義，「凡有正當理由畏懼由於其種族、宗教、國籍，政治見解或於某一特殊團體遭到迫害，因而逃離了他或她的本國，並且由於此畏懼而不能或不願回國的人」。然而，隨著時代的發展，難民數卻屢創紀錄，根據聯合國難民署報告，2020年因戰爭、暴力、迫害與侵犯人權而被迫逃離家園人數上升至8,240萬人，俄烏戰爭更是增加數百萬的流離失所的難民，因此難民並非短暫的現象，而是普遍而不可忽視的全球現況。難民如何生存？有別於既有的論述，如將難民視為待解決的問題，或從政治哲學的生命處境進行論述，本研究則採取難民作為人的處境的求生策略取向，特別是處於沒有難民法的國家，缺乏制度的保障之下，難民如何從完全一無所有的狀態重新開始，找到安身立命的位置，個人的主動性和結構限制之間的協商過程，是本研究關心的議題。本研究以流亡藏人在印度、尼泊爾、台灣這三個沒有制訂難民法的國家，探討並比較該難民群體在個別接收國的身份以及生存的處境。

Related works 相關著作書目資料

Journal Articles 期刊論文

  • Tsering, Dolma and Ute Wallenböck, forthcoming, “Hybridity and Linguistic Adaptability of Tibetan Buddhism in Taiwan.” Review of Cognitive Linguistics.
  • Tsering, Dolma, 2025, “Transnational Digital Affective Coercion: WeChat, the Chinese Government, and the Tibetan Diaspora.” Taiwan Journal of Democracy 21(2): 169-190. link
  • Tsering, Dolma, 2024, “The U.S., Kuomintang and Tibetan Resistance 1950-1960: Covert Operations, Consequences and Tibetan Paratroops in Taiwan.” Asian Affairs 55(2): 317-338. link
  • Tsering, Dolma, 2023, “Taiwan and the Exiled Tibetan Relations: Exploring Historical Ties and Current Challenges and Opportunities.” Asian Ethnicity 25(2): 323-339. link
  • Tsering, Dolma, 2017, “Contesting Sovereignty: Tibet-China Conflict, Revisiting Dawa Norbu’s Work on China’s Tibet Policy.” The Tibet Journal 42(2): 17–25. link

Edited Book 編輯專書

  • Tsering, Dolma, ed., 2022, Tibetan and Uyghur Refugees in the New Colonial Era: Reflection on the rise of the Chinese Colonialism. Tainan: National Cheng Kung University Press.

Book Chapters 專書論文

  • Tsering, Dolma and Mei-Lin Pan, 2026, “Geopolitics and Statelessness: The Case of a Tibetan Woman’s Struggle for Belonging.” Pp. ? in Fractured Spaces: Displacement, Migration, and the Gendered Politics of Place, edited by Purna Banerjee and Priya Singh. Singapore: Springer Singapore.
  • 卓瑪慈仁（Dolma Tsering）、潘美玲，2025，〈難胞／叛賊：兩蔣時期在臺藏人的政治角色與歷史處遇（Refugee Compatriots / Rebels: The Political Roles and Historical Treatment of Tibetans in Taiwan during the Chiang Era.）〉。頁200-221，收錄於陳玉女、徐珊惠編，《成為臺灣的我們》。台南：成大出版社。
  • Pan, Mei-Lin and Tsering, Dolma, 2024, “The Lived Experience of Tibetan Refugees in Taiwan: Contesting Rights to Work, Residence, and Citizenship.” Pp.283–310 in Refugees and Asylum Seekers in East Asia: Perspectives from Japan and Taiwan, edited by Lara Momesso and Polina Ivanova. Singapore: Springer Nature.

  • Tsering, Dolma，2022，〈Revisiting the Question of Successful Tibetan Exiled Community in India〉。頁，收錄於謝仕淵編，《「沒有歷史的人」論文集》。台南：成大出版社。

Book Review 書評

  • Tsering, Dolma, 2025, “Book Review – Eva Dou, The Secret History of China’s Most Powerful Company: House of Huawei.” International Journal of China Studies 16(1): 171-174. link
  • Tsering, Dolma, 2024, “Book review: Taiwan, the United States, and the Hidden History of the Cold War in Asia: Divided Allies, by Hsiao-Ting Lin.” Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs 12(1): 164-166. 

Others 其他